The results show relatively greater proportions of people who identify as Asian (non-Hispanic), people who identify as American Indian or Alaska Native (non-Hispanic), and people who identify as Hispanic or Latino. With respect to unmanaged CRL, the proposed rule included a bounding sensitivity analysis with costs for every facility and every unlined landfill and surface impoundment (WMU) to treat their unmanaged CRL either with chemical precipitation or SDEs. These bounding analyses were presented as a conservative estimate to demonstrate the potential universe of discharges of unmanaged CRL and potential costs. Some commenters stated their view that the EPA had not sufficiently evaluated unmanaged CRL and argued that the EPA should re-propose CRL limits after conducting a more accurate costing analysis. The EPA also received comments disagreeing with two misunderstandings of the Agency’s proposed application of the rule to unmanaged CRL, with commenters believing either all or none of the facilities in the Agency’s analyses were covered. One commenter further suggested that the EPA should include additional WMUs under the new CCR proposed rule (88 FR 31982).

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Although the EPA cannot determine that a particular technology is available within the meaning of CWA section 304(b) to treat the legacy wastewater described in this section, the Agency could expect the permitting authority to select more stringent technologies than surface impoundments on a site-specific basis. In some cases, the stage of closure and realities on site may point to use of a more stringent technology. For example, a facility in early closure stages may be able to lease commercial, off-the-shelf equipment to treat its legacy wastewater. Alternatively, permitting authorities could assess the technologies a plant already uses for treatment of other wastewaters and determine that the legacy wastewater could be readily directed to an existing treatment system. Furthermore, the assumption that all facilities use membrane filtration and generate a brine for encapsulation represents a conservative estimate on FA usage. The EPA has updated its cost estimates as discussed in section VIII and section 5 of the TDD.

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Comments expressed varying views as to whether CRL discharged through groundwater from landfills and surface impoundments would be the FEDD. The EPA finds that BAT limitations based on chemical precipitation for EGUs discharging CRL after permanently ceasing coal combustion in this subcategory are economically achievable based on the results of IPM modeling, as explained in sections VII.F and VIII. The EPA agrees with many of these comments and is including CRL as one of the wastestreams covered by the new permanent cessation of coal combustion by 2034 subcategory. While an EGU is still combusting coal, that combustion generates CCR, which in turn generates CRL.

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The final rule may also change nonuse values stemming from bequest, altruism, and existence motivations. Individuals may value water quality maintenance, ecosystem protection, and healthy species populations independent of any use of those attributes. Steam electric power plants generate air emissions from operating transport vehicles, such as dump trucks, which release criteria air pollutants and GHGs. A decrease in energy use or vehicle operation would result in decreased air pollution.

1. The EPA received several comments on these limitations that would apply after the permanent cessation of coal combustion date.
2. If the permitting authority determines a date later than the effective date of the final rule, the justification should explain why allowing more time to meet any final limitations is appropriate, and why the discharger cannot meet the effluent limitations as of the effective date.
3. Whereas the costs in section VIII.A of this preamble represent the annualized costs of each option if they were incurred in 2024, the annualized social costs are estimated based on the stream of future costs starting in the year that individual plants are projected to comply with the requirements of the final rule.
4. The combination of the screening analysis (including unmanaged CRL and legacy wastewater costs), the IPM market-level results (excluding unmanaged CRL and legacy wastewater costs), and the other considerations in this paragraph support the EPA’s conclusion that the rule is economically achievable.
5. The effluent limitations in this paragraph (l)(2)(ii) apply to the discharge of unmanaged combustion residual leachate generated on and after the date determined by the permitting authority for meeting the effluent limitations, as specified in this paragraph (l)(2)(ii).

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Therefore, this concern does not provide a basis for rejecting closed-loop systems as BAT. In the first subsection immediately below, the EPA discusses its rationale for selecting dry-handling or closed-loop systems as the BAT technology a complete guide to ketamine withdrawal & addiction basis for BA transport water. In the following subsection, the EPA explains why it is not selecting less stringent technologies than dry-handling or closed-loop systems as the BAT technology basis for BA transport water.

At proposal, the EPA solicited comment on a number of topics concerning stormwater mixed with regulated process wastewaters, as well as comment on any necessary, related reporting and recordkeeping requirements. As discussed in section VII.B.5 of this preamble, the EPA is finalizing a definitional change for wastewater resulting from certain high intensity, infrequent storm events. As part of this change, the EPA is requiring a certification that includes several pieces of information that will break the cycle of addiction with these strategies to keep dopamine in check assure the permitting authority and the public that the discharge is necessary and does not violate any other permit requirements. First, the certification shall include a statement that the facility experienced a storm event exceeding a 10-year, 24-hour or longer duration, including specifics of the actual storm event that are sufficient for a third party to verify the accuracy of the statement. Third, the certification statement shall include the duration and volume of any such discharge.

“They say, ‘This is the worst high I’ve ever had in my life, but the cravings are so bad I keep going back and taking it,’” said Ryan. If you or someone you care about uses bath salts, this page can help you learn more about their effects, their potential for addiction, and how to find bath salts addiction treatment. A bath salts dependency can be very serious, especially since this drug has so many inherently dangerous health effects. As the body adapts to the repeated use of bath salts, tolerance will develop and the user will need to take progressively larger doses in order to achieve the same effects. Addiction causes a user to lose self-control and potentially to lose touch with reality. This can lead to taking more of a drug over time and additional dangerous side effects.

With that being said, the effects may be much more intense because MDVP is reportedly 10 times more powerful than cocaine. Bath salts misuse appears to have declined recently, as many sellers relabeled the bath salts in their original form as “molly” or “flakka”, so many people don’t even know they’re taking bath salts. Bath salts usually take the form of a white or brown crystal-like powder and are sold with packaging that make their purchase appear legal — for example, “jewelry cleaner” labeled “not for human consumption”. Other labels that dealers may use for these substances are “plant food” and “phone screen cleaner.” Once acquired, the powder is snorted, injected, smoked, or swallowed.

In the 2020 rule, the EPA established additional subcategories for high FGD flow facilities (EGUs with FGD purge flows of greater than 4 million gallons per day), LUEGUs (EGUs with a capacity utilization rating of less than 10 percent per year), and EGUs permanently ceasing coal combustion by 2028. For these subcategorized units, the EPA established different limitations using different technology bases as compared to the limitations detox basics applicable to the rest of the steam electric point source category. In 2023, the EPA proposed to eliminate the 2020 rule’s high FGD flow subcategory and LUEGU subcategory, but also proposed to retain the permanent cessation of coal combustion by 2028 subcategory. The EPA received comments both supporting and criticizing the proposed return to the BAT basis of dry-handling or closed-loop systems selected in the 2015 rule.

With respect to BA transport water, the 2020 rule record never demonstrated that a full 10 percent purge at all facilities was a realistic costing assumption. The primary basis for the 2020 rule purge allowance was a 2016 report from EPRI that involved continuous purges, the majority of which were well under one percent. Thus, in the 2020 rule record, the EPA presented a sensitivity analysis with costs for a two percent purge treatment, which better reflect the handful of facilities for which the EPA has record evidence of a purge. The EPA is not including legacy wastewater in the permanent cessation of coal combustion subcategory.

Comments supporting the EPA’s proposal to return to the 2015 BAT technology basis for BA transport water focused on the lack of evidence in the record of facilities with a demonstrated need to purge BA transport water. These comments also focused on the legal standard that BAT represents the best performing plant, arguing further that the EPA has never disputed that the best performing plant can achieve zero discharge. Comments opposing the return to the 2015 rule standard reiterated the four potential purge needs discussed in the 2020 rule. In the alternative, these commenters asked the EPA to formulate flexibilities for purges that in practice might be more or less flexible than the site-specific 10 percent volumetric purge allowance arrived at in the 2020 rule. Furthermore, even looking at membrane filtration itself, as the EPA noted in the 2023 proposal, the foreign membrane filtration systems discussed in the 2020 rule have continued to successfully treat FGD wastewater and achieve zero discharge since 2020.

There is an inherent risk of overdose any time bath salts are consumed due to unknowns in purity on both the seller and buyer’s part. In other words, you may not be able to safely consume the same dose across different batches of bath salts, so the best way to prevent overdose is not to consume bath salts in any amount. Psychoactive designer street drugs called “bath salts” have many potentially dangerous adverse effects, including extreme neurological and psychiatric changes, some long lasting. The people who manufacture bath salts intentionally mislabel them in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions. One of the most serious side effects of bath salts use is the development of mood disorders, since these can result in profoundly depressed states and potential suicide attempts. The long-term effects of bath salts include many serious side effects that can result in serious injury or death.

The 2015 closed-loop system BAT design basis included a chemical addition system to manage these system chemistries, as does the BAT basis in this final rule. In particular, corrosivity can be managed through pH adjustment, scaling can be managed with acid and/or antiscalants, and fines can be further settled out with polymers and other coagulants. EPRI has documented that some systems have gone slightly further, pairing the chemical addition systems with changes in operations, such as higher flow rates or longer contact time. Some commenters on the 2023 proposal suggested that systems would not be able to manage these chemistry problems but did not provide information supporting this assertion. In the absence of information, the EPA finds that, even assuming that the previously mentioned strategies would not apply at a given plant, the same slipstream of purge allowed under the 2020 rule could be treated with RO and recycled back in as clean makeup water. The EPA has considered these additional costs as discussed in sections VII.F and VIII, and outside the additional cost (which is found to be economically achievable), there is no record evidence that this chemistry-related challenge cannot be overcome with reasonable steps.

These adjusted pollutant loadings for indirect dischargers therefore reflect the resulting discharges to receiving waters. For details on the methodology the EPA used to calculate pollutant loading reductions, see section 6 of the TDD. The EPA received comments that it should update this analysis to include more recent POTW pollutant removal data.

While some of these facilities selected a remedy that explicitly included pump-and-treat operations, others included other categories of groundwater extraction or collection that may or may not ultimately result in a discharge. The EPA probabilistically used four scenarios to account for the uncertainty in the likelihood of a discharge that would incur ELG compliance costs. The EPA acknowledges that it learned of a plant using this technology to treat its legacy wastewater. The EPA does not, however, have any information in the record on the influent or effluent data from this system to establish limitations, nor has the EPA developed ZVI-based limitations for any other wastestream that it can transfer. Commenters did not advocate for establishment of limitations based on ZVI systems, nor submit any information related to the performance of these systems, including data that would allow the Agency to develop numerical limitations; therefore, the EPA cannot, at this time, establish limitations based on chemical precipitation plus ZVI systems. In addition, “energy requirements” are an express non-water quality environmental impact that EPA must consider under the statute, and several commenters raised concerns regarding electric reliability.